Culture device and methods for enumerating mold colonies

ABSTRACT

A thin film culture device for enumerating mold colonies is provided. The device comprises water-resistant first and second substrates with a growth region disposed therebetween, a dry, cold water-soluble gelling agent disposed in the growth region, and an effective amount of a calcium-chelating compound disposed in the growth region. The effective amount of calcium-chelating compound is capable of reducing a rate of lateral enlargement of the colony-forming unit growing in the culture device relative to the rate of lateral enlargement of a colony of the same mold species growing in an otherwise identical culture device that does not contain the effective amount disposed in the growth region, wherein reducing the rate of lateral enlargement of the colony-forming unit does not substantially delay detection of the colony. A corresponding method is also provided.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No.14/889,054, filed Nov. 4, 2015, which is a national stage filing under35 U.S.C. 371 of PCT/US2014/036730, filed May 5, 2014, which claimspriority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/819,690, filed May 6,2013, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference in theirentirety herein.

BACKGROUND

Molds are eukaryotic microorganisms. They are ubiquitous in naturalenvironments, namely, soil, air, water, and plant surfaces. Because oftheir heterotrophic nature and their ability to adapt to a wide range ofenvironmental conditions, these microbes are frequently encountered asan expensive nuisance in and on various commodities including foodingredients, processed foods, beverages, inadequately cleaned foodprocessing equipment, and food storage facilities. In addition, someyeasts and molds possess potential hazard to human and animal health.For example, numerous molds produce mycotoxins and some moldmicroorganisms are responsible for human and animal infections.

Mold contamination in food and other commodities can result insubstantial economic losses for the producer, the processor, and theconsumer. Rapid and accurate determination of mold contamination in acommodity (such as, food ingredients, processed foods, and beverages),is important for the production of high-quality food products in thefood industry.

Current practices for routine determination of molds in a food commodityrely largely on conventional culturing techniques for enumerating viablefungal cells on semi-solid agar media. These methods, although widelyaccepted, have a number of disadvantages in that they are, in general,labor intensive and give low reproducibility. In addition, a commonproblem encountered in the traditional methods is that the spreadingtype of mycelial growth of certain molds often over-runs nearby coloniesand prevents accurate enumeration of the viable cells in a sample.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure generally relates to the detection andenumeration of mold microorganisms in a sample. In particular, thepresent disclosure relates to the enumeration of mold colonies in a thinfilm culture device. The inventors have discovered that thin filmculture devices, which lack a head space and have a relatively thinnerlayer of nutrients (relative to traditional agar Petri dish culturedevices), show significant rates of lateral colony expansion (e.g.,radial spreading of the colony) for at least some species of moldcolonies growing in the devices. The inventors have also discovered thatcalcium-chelating compounds can be used to reduce the rate of lateralexpansion of the growing colonies; surprisingly, without substantiallydelaying detection of the mold colonies. Advantageously, a reduction inthe average colony diameter caused by the calcium-chelating compoundpermits more accurate enumeration of mold microorganisms in samples thatcomprise mold species that would otherwise spread over a significantarea of the growth region, thereby overlapping other mold colonies andmaking enumeration of the individual colonies more difficult.

The present disclosure provides a thin film culture device. The culturedevice can comprise a water-resistant first substrate, a water-resistantsecond substrate, a growth region disposed between the first and secondsubstrates, a dry, cold water-soluble gelling agent disposed in thegrowth region, and an effective amount of calcium-chelating compounddisposed in the growth region. When the growth region is hydrated with apredetermined volume of aqueous liquid and inoculated with acolony-forming unit of a mold species, the effective amount ofcalcium-chelating compound is capable of reducing a rate of lateralenlargement of the colony-forming unit growing in the culture devicerelative to the rate of lateral enlargement of a colony of the same moldspecies growing in an otherwise identical culture device that does notcontain the effective amount disposed in the growth region. Reducing therate of lateral enlargement of the colony-forming unit does notsubstantially delay detection of the colony. In any embodiment, the thinfilm culture device further can comprise a predefined volume of aqueousliquid, wherein the effective amount of the calcium-chelating compounddisposed in the growth region is dissolved in the aqueous liquid at aconcentration effective to substantially reduce a rate lateralenlargement of a colony of a species of mold growing in the culturedevice that contains the effective amount disposed in the growth regionrelative to the rate of lateral enlargement of a colony of the same moldspecies growing in an otherwise identical culture device that does notcontain the effective amount disposed in the growth region.

In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method forenumerating microorganisms. The method can comprise forming aninoculated culture medium in a growth region of a thin film culturedevice comprising an effective amount of calcium-chelating compounddisposed in the growth region, incubating the inoculated culture mediumfor a predetermined period of time sufficient to form amacroscopically-detectable colony of a mold microorganism, and countinga number of macroscopically-detectable colonies of mold microorganismsin the growth region. Forming the inoculated culture medium compriseshydrating the growth region with a predetermined volume of aqueousliquid. When the growth region is hydrated with the predetermined volumeof aqueous liquid and inoculated with a colony-forming unit of a moldspecies, the calcium-chelating compound reduces a rate of lateralenlargement of the colony-forming unit growing in the culture devicerelative to the rate of lateral enlargement of a colony of the same moldspecies growing in an otherwise identical culture device that does notcontain the effective amount disposed in the growth region. Reducing therate of lateral enlargement of the colony-forming unit does notsubstantially delay detection of the colony. In any embodiment, themethod further can comprise counting a number ofmacroscopically-detectable yeast colonies in the growth region. In anyembodiment, forming an inoculated culture medium can comprise depositingan aqueous sample into the thin film culture device wherein, prior todepositing the aqueous sample, the thin film culture device comprises anutrient medium, an indicator reagent, and/or the effective amount ofthe calcium-chelating compound.

In yet another aspect, the present disclosure provides a kit. The kitcan comprise a thin film culture device for growing and enumerating moldmicroorganisms and a container holding a predetermined quantity of acalcium-chelating compound. A portion of the predetermined quantity,when disposed in a growth region of the culture device after the deviceis inoculated, is sufficient to reduce a rate of lateral enlargement ofa colony-forming unit of a mold species growing in the culture devicerelative to the rate of lateral enlargement of a colony of the same moldspecies growing in an otherwise identical culture device that does notcontain the effective amount disposed in the growth region. Reducing therate of lateral enlargement of the colony-forming unit does notsubstantially delay detection of the colony.

The words “preferred” and “preferably” refer to embodiments of theinvention that may afford certain benefits, under certain circumstances.However, other embodiments may also be preferred, under the same orother circumstances. Furthermore, the recitation of one or morepreferred embodiments does not imply that other embodiments are notuseful, and is not intended to exclude other embodiments from the scopeof the invention.

The terms “comprises” and variations thereof do not have a limitingmeaning where these terms appear in the description and claims.

As used herein, “a,” “an,” “the,” “at least one,” and “one or more” areused interchangeably. Thus, for example, a mold microorganism can beinterpreted to mean “one or more” mold microorganisms.

The term “and/or” means one or all of the listed elements or acombination of any two or more of the listed elements.

Also herein, the recitations of numerical ranges by endpoints includeall numbers subsumed within that range (e.g., 1 to 5 includes 1, 1.5, 2,2.75, 3, 3.80, 4, 5, etc.).

The above summary of the present invention is not intended to describeeach disclosed embodiment or every implementation of the presentinvention. The description that follows more particularly exemplifiesillustrative embodiments. In several places throughout the application,guidance is provided through lists of examples, which examples can beused in various combinations. In each instance, the recited list servesonly as a representative group and should not be interpreted as anexclusive list.

Additional details of these and other embodiments are set forth in theaccompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objectsand advantages will become apparent from the description and drawings,and from the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a top perspective view of one embodiment of a thin filmculture device of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the thin film culture device of FIG.3 taken along line 2-2.

FIG. 3 is a top perspective view, partially in section, of analternative embodiment of a thin film culture device according to thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view, partially in section, of the thin filmculture device of FIG. 3.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure generally relates to articles and methods fordetecting yeast and mold microorganisms. In particular, the presentdisclosure relates to the detection and enumeration of mold colonies ina thin film culture device.

The structure of thin film culture devices are distinguished fromtypical culture devices (e.g., petri dishes) for yeast and mold in thatthin film culture devices do not have a head space between a surface ofthe nutrient medium and the surface of the cover for the device. Thus,in contrast to a mold colony growing petri dish, whose cell mass canexpand vertically into the head space of the petri dish (thereby, makingthe colony more visible in the device), the cell mass of a mold colonygrowing in a thin film culture device must expand horizontally(laterally) through the nutrient medium.

In addition, it is known in the art that the availability of freecalcium can affect the growth of mold at the hyphal tips (see, forexample, S. L. Jackson and I. B. Heath; Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Re.; 1993;57:367-382; which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).In particular, limiting the amount of free calcium in the region of amold hyphal tip can significantly reduce the rate of growth at thehyphal tips. The inventive articles and method exploit the effect (e.g.,inhibition of elongation of mold hyphae) of a calcium-chelating compoundthat is commonly used as a preservative to prevent mold growth, by usingan amount of chelating agent that is effective to permit growth withoutsubstantially delaying detection of the colony. Surprisingly, the amountof chelating agent used is substantially higher than what is typicallyutilized to prevent mold growth when used as a preservative in certainfoods.

Without being bound by theory, the present inventors have discoveredthat the concentration of free calcium ions in a semi-solid nutrientmedium is at least one critical factor that influences the rate oflateral expansion of a mold colony growing in a culture device (e.g., athin film culture device) comprising the nutrient medium. In addition,they have discovered that including an effective amount of acalcium-chelating compound in the nutrient medium reduces the rateand/or extent of the lateral expansion of mold colonies. The inventiveuse of the growth-retarding compound, however, surprisingly does notsubstantially delay the detection of mold colonies, relative to asimilar culture device that does not comprise an effective amount of thecalcium-chelating compound.

“Air-permeable”, as used herein, designates a membrane that, whensubstantially exposed at its edge(s) to air, is sufficiently permeableto air in the horizontal direction (i.e., parallel to its surfaces) toprovide an adequate supply of air to the overlying medium in order tosupport the growth of aerobic microorganisms in the medium.

“Cold-water-reconstitutable”, as used herein, designates material thatis suspendible in water, e.g., forms a dispersion, solution or gel inroom temperature water.

“Cold-water-soluble”, as used herein, designates a cold-waterreconstitutable material that forms a solution or gel in roomtemperature water.

“Growth region”, as used herein, designates the region of each componentof a device in which microorganisms are intended to be grown.

“Powder”, as used herein, designates a particulate material, e.g., ofnutrient and/or gelling agent, wherein the particles have an averagediameter suitable for use in a device of the present disclosure, e.g.,an average diameter of less than about 400 μm.

“Reconstituted medium”, as used herein, designates acold-water-reconstitutable medium that has been rehydrated with water oran aqueous test sample.

“Substantially impermeable to microorganisms and water vapor”, as usedherein, designates second substrates that (i) prevent undesiredcontamination of the underlying medium during shipping, storage, and useof the device and (ii) avoid desiccation of the medium, i.e., thatmaintain a level of hydration in a reconstituted medium suitable tosupport the growth of microorganisms during the incubation period.

“Substantially water-free”, as used herein, designates a water contentno greater than about the water content of the ambient environment.

With reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, one embodiment of a thin film culturedevice 100 of the present disclosure is shown as body member 10 having awater-resistant first substrate 12 and a water-resistant secondsubstrate 18. In any embodiment, preferably, the culture device 100further comprises an optional air permeable membrane 14. Although thesecan be arranged in any suitable relationship, FIG. 1 illustrates apreferred arrangement of components, wherein air-permeable membrane 14is fixed to and is coextensive with at least a growth region 40 of theupper surface of first substrate 12. The culture device 100 includes afirst dry coating 16. At least a portion of the first dry coating 16 isdisposed in a growth region 40.

In any embodiment of a thin film culture device of the presentdisclosure, growth region 40 is located between first substrate 12 andsecond substrate 18 and includes any coating(s), or portion thereof,disposed within the growth region 40 on the first substrate 12 or secondsubstrate 18. The growth region 40 is the location within the culturedevice that is hydrated with a sample and/or an aqueous suspendingmedium (e.g., a nutrient broth, sterile water, a buffer) during use ofthe thin film culture device. In any embodiment, the growth region 40 islocated anywhere between the first and second substrates. Preferably,the growth region 40 is spaced apart from the edges of first substrate12 and second substrate 18 to avoid contamination and/or unacceptableloss of moisture during incubation. In any embodiment, the growth region40 is defined by a structure (e.g., spacer 24 (see FIGS. 1 and 2),discussed herein) intended to hold a predefined volume of sample and/oraqueous suspending medium.

In any embodiment, the first dry coating 16 comprises a dry, coldwater-soluble gelling agent. The first dry coating 16 is typicallydisposed in the body member 10 on the air-permeable membrane 14, ifpresent, on the first substrate 12 if the air-permeable membrane 14 isnot present (not shown) or on the second substrate 18. In anyembodiment, the first dry coating 16 further can comprise one or morenutrient to facilitate the growth of a mold microorganism. In anyembodiment, the nutrient comprises calcium ions (e.g., a calcium salt).The first dry coating 16 further can comprise an effective amount ofcalcium-chelating compound, as discussed below. In any embodiment, atleast a portion (or the entire amount) of the first dry coating 16 isdisposed in the growth region 40 of the thin film culture device.

In any embodiment, a thin film culture device of the present disclosureoptionally may comprise a second dry coating (dry coating 16′). Seconddry coating 16′ may be disposed on the air-permeable membrane 14 (notshown), if present; on the first substrate 12 if the membrane 14 is notpresent; or on the second substrate 18. In any embodiment, second drycoating 16′ can comprise a dry, cold water-soluble gelling agent; anutrient or mixture of nutrients (optionally, containing a calciumsalt), a calcium-chelating compound, a calcium salt, or a combination ofany two or more of the foregoing components. In any embodiment, thesecond dry coating 16′ may be identical to the first dry coating 16. Inany embodiment, at least a portion (or the entire amount) of the seconddry coating 16′, if present, is disposed in the growth region 40 of thethin film culture device.

First dry coating 16 and/or second dry coating 16′ can be coated ontothe first substrate 12 and/or second substrate 18 using the brothcoating method of U.S. Pat. No. 4,565,783; the powder coating method ofU.S. Pat. No. 5,089,413, or combinations thereof.

Also included in the growth region 40 of the thin film culture device isan effective amount of a calcium-chelating compound. Thecalcium-chelating compound can be disposed (e.g., as a powder coating)in at least a portion of the growth region 40 in the first dry coating16 (e.g., as a component of the coating mixture that constitutes thefirst dry coating 16) and/or the second dry coating 16′ (e.g., as acomponent of the coating mixture that constitutes the second dry coating16′).

Suitable calcium-chelating compounds are soluble in an aqueous liquid.The solubility is sufficiently high to achieve a concentration thatreduces the rate of lateral enlargement of a colony of the moldmicroorganism growing in a thin film culture device (relative to therate of lateral enlargement of a colony of the same mold microorganismgrowing in an otherwise identical thin film culture device that does notcomprise the calcium-chelating compound) without substantially delayingdetection of the colony in the culture device. Examples of suitablecalcium-chelating compounds include, but are not limited to,ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), ethyleneglycol tetraacetic acid(EGTA), citrate, and salts (e.g., sodium salts), hydrates, and solvatesthereof. In any embodiment, a salt of a calcium-chelating compound ispreferred to the free acid form because the salt form is more soluble inwater.

Calcium-sensitive dyes can also be used as a calcium-chelating compoundaccording to the present disclosure, provided the dye does not otherwisesubstantially inhibit the growth of the mold microorganisms. Examples ofcalcium-sensitive dyes include, but are not limited to,Chlorophosphonazo III (Bis(4-chloro-2-phosphonobenzolazo)chromotropicacid), Arsenazo III(2,2′-(1,8-Dihydroxy-3,6-disulfonaphthylene-2,7-bisazo)bisbenzenearsonic acid, 2,7-Bis(2-arsonophenylazo) chromotropic acid),Antipyrylazo III(3,6-bis(4-antipyrylazo)-4,5-dihydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid),Carboxyarsenazo III (2-(2-arsonophenylazo)-7-(2-carboxyphenylazo)chromotropic acid), Tropolone (2-Hydroxy-2,4,6-cycloheptatrien-1-one),Alizarin red (1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone), Carboxyazo III (Benzoicacid,2,2′-[(1,8-dihydroxy-3,6-disulfo-2,7-naphthalenediyl)bis(azo)]bis-(9CI)),Omega chrome black blue, Eriochrome grey 3BL, Oxyacetazo I, Murexideammonium purpurate, Eriochrome black T, Arsenazo I(2-(1,8-Dihydroxy-3,6-disulfo-2-naphthylazo) benzenearsonic acidtrisodium salt,3-(2-Arsonophenyl)azo-4,5-dihydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acidtrisodium salt), Bromopyrogallol red(5′,5″-Dibromopyrogallolsulfonephthalein), Bromopyrogallol purple,Methylthymol blue, Calcein, Orthocresolphthalein complexone, andumbelliferone complexone calcein blue(4-methylumbelliferone-8-methylaminodiacetic acid).

The effective amount of calcium-chelating compound may vary dependingupon several variables intrinsic and extrinsic variables. One intrinsicvariable related to the calcium-chelating compound is the dissociationconstant for binding interaction between the calcium-chelating compoundand calcium. Another intrinsic variable related to the calcium-chelatingcompound is the dissociation constant for binding interaction betweenthe calcium-chelating compound and other divalent cations (e.g., Mg)that may be present in the nutrient medium and/or sample and that mayinteract with the calcium-chelating compound. Two extrinsic variablesthat can influence the effective amount of calcium-chelating compoundare i) the amount of divalent cations (in, particular, calcium ions)present in the nutrient medium and/or sample material used according tothe present disclosure and ii) the pH of the nutrient medium and/orsample material. A person having ordinary skill in the art willrecognize the dissociation constant of the calcium-chelating compoundmay be affected by the pH of its surrounding environment. Moreover, aperson having ordinary skill in the art also will recognize that the pHeffects can be mitigated by the use of a buffer reagent.

Although the range of effective amounts (or concentrations) ofcalcium-chelating compound discloses herein will be suitable for manysituations (food, beverage, or environmental testing), the effectiveconcentration of calcium-chelating compound for a particular sampleeasily can be determined by making a solution of the compound in anaqueous liquid (e.g., water or Butterfields buffer), making severaldilutions (e.g., 2-fold or 5-fold dilutions) of the solution in sterilewater or buffer, and following the procedures described in Example 12.The effective amount of any calcium-chelating compound of the presentdisclosure does not substantially delay detection of amacroscopically-observable colony of a mold microorganism to be detectedrelative to detection of the mold microorganism in an otherwiseidentical thin film culture device that does not comprise thecalcium-chelating compound.

In any embodiment of a thin film culture device of the presentdisclosure, the effective amount of calcium-chelating compound isdisposed in one or more dry coating (e.g., first dry coating 16 andsecond dry coating 16′) disclosed herein. In any embodiment, theeffective amount is disposed in the growth region (e.g., growth region40) of the culture device. Thus, the proportion of calcium-chelatingcompound, calcium salt, and the mass of dry coating applied to thegrowth area are adjusted so that the growth area, when hydrated,comprises a hydrogel having a concentration of calcium-chelatingcompound that is effective to reduce a rate of lateral enlargement of acolony of the mold microorganisms growing in the culture device withoutsubstantially delaying detection of the colony.

In any embodiment, the effective amount of calcium-chelating compound(e.g., disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid dihydrate) is disposedin the thin film culture device in a dry coating having about 0.5 mg toabout 12 mg of calcium-chelating compound per 100 cm². In anyembodiment, the effective amount of calcium-chelating compound isdisposed in the thin film culture device in a dry coating having about0.5 mg to about 6 mg of calcium-chelating compound per 100 cm². In anyembodiment, the effective amount of calcium-chelating compound isdisposed in the thin film culture device in a dry coating having about1.0 mg to about 12 mg of calcium-chelating compound per 100 cm². In anyembodiment, the effective amount of calcium-chelating compound isdisposed in the thin film culture device in a dry coating having about1.0 mg to about 6 mg of calcium-chelating compound per 100 cm². In anyembodiment, the effective amount of calcium-chelating compound isdisposed in the thin film culture device in a dry coating having about3.0 mg to about 12 mg of calcium-chelating compound per 100 cm².

In any method of the present disclosure, discussed in detail below, aportion or the entire effective amount of the calcium-chelating agentcan be provided in a dry coating of thin film culture device.Additionally, or alternatively, a portion or the entire effective amountof the effective amount of calcium-chelating compound can be introducedinto the culture device in a liquid form before, during, or shortlyafter inoculation of the culture device with a sample. In anyembodiment, the concentration of the calcium-chelating compound in theinoculated culture device can be about 1 mM to about 9.0 mM. In anyembodiment, the concentration of the calcium-chelating compound in theinoculated culture device can be about 1 mM to about 5 mM. In anyembodiment, the concentration of the calcium-chelating compound in theinoculated culture device can be about 1 mM to about 2 mM.

A person having ordinary skill in the art will recognize that certainsamples (e.g., dairy products, sesame seeds, flax seeds) containingrelatively high concentrations of calcium may be used in a method of thepresent disclosure. Optionally, the amount of calcium-chelating compound(either provided in the culture device and/or added to the device wheninoculated can be adjusted to offset the higher amount of calciumpresent in the sample. This approach is shown in Example 5.

The effective amount of calcium-chelating compound reduces the rate oflateral growth of a mold microorganism. Therefore, in any embodiment,after a predefined growth period (i.e., after 48 hours of incubation at30° C.), the average diameter of a colony of a particular mold speciesin a thin film culture device comprising the effective amount ofcalcium-chelating compound is at least about 30% smaller than theaverage diameter of a colony of the same mold species in a similar thinfilm culture device without the effective amount of calcium-chelatingcompound. In any embodiment, after a predefined growth period, theaverage diameter of a colony of a particular mold species in a thin filmculture device comprising the effective amount of calcium-chelatingcompound is at least about 50% smaller than the average diameter of acolony of the same mold species in a similar thin film culture devicewithout the effective amount of calcium-chelating compound. In anyembodiment, after a predefined growth period, the average diameter of acolony of a particular mold species in a thin film culture devicecomprising the effective amount of calcium-chelating compound is atleast about 90% smaller than the average diameter of a colony of thesame mold species in a similar thin film culture device without theeffective amount of calcium-chelating compound.

Returning to the drawings, first dry coating 16 is fixed to and iscoextensive with least the growth region 40 of the top surface ofmembrane 14, if present, or one of the waterproof substrates (e.g.,first substrate 12, as shown in FIGS. 1-4. Second substrate 18; whichfunctions to cover the growth region 40 during shipping, storage, andincubation; is also shown in FIG. 1 as being attached in a hinge-likefashion along one edge of body member 10. Suitable first substrates andsecond substrates include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,565,783,which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

First substrate 12 is preferably a relatively stiff waterproof film madeof a material; such as polyester, polypropylene, or polystyrene; thatwill not absorb or otherwise be adversely affected by water. Polyesterfilms about 100 μm to about 180 μm thick, polypropylene films about 100μm to about 200 μm thick and polystyrene films about 300 μm to about 380μm thick are suitable. Other suitable substrates include paper having apolyethylene or other water-proof coating. An example of a suitablepolyethylene-coated paper substrate is “Schoeller Type MIL” photoprintpaper (available from Schoeller Pulaski, New York). In any embodiment,first substrate 12 can be transparent or translucent if one wishes toview colonies through the first substrate 12.

Air-permeable membrane 14 allows an adequate supply of air to the growthregion 40 when second substrate 18 is in place over the growth region 40during use. In so doing, membrane 14 is useful for supporting growth ofaerobic microorganisms (e.g., aerobic filamentous fungi) in the culturedevices. It is also useful in instances where the microorganisms requireair for reasons in addition to or other than for growth, for example, tooxidize a dye that renders the microorganism colonies more easilyvisible, as discussed more fully below. Suitable properties andmaterials for the air-permeable membrane 14 are disclosed in U.S. Pat.No. 5,089,413, which is incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety.

In any embodiment, any one of the first substrate 12, second substrate18 or air-permeable membrane 14 preferably has a visible square gridpattern printed upon it, as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,089,413, tofacilitate the counting of microorganism colonies.

In any embodiment, first dry coating 16 and/or second dry coating 16′may comprise any suitable form of dry culture medium that iscold-water-reconstitutable and capable of supporting the growth of moldand, optionally, yeast microorganisms. Such media are well known. In anyembodiment of the device of the present disclosure, first dry coating 16contains at least one ingredient selected from the group consisting ofone or more gelling agents and one or more nutrients for growingmicroorganisms (e.g., mold microorganisms.

Suitable gelling agents for use in first dry coating 16 and/or seconddry coating 16′ include cold-water-soluble natural and synthetic gellingagents. Natural gelling agents such as algin, carboxymethyl cellulose,hydroxyethyl cellulose, guar gum, locust bean gum, xanthan gum, andsynthetic gelling agents such as polyacrylamide, are generally suitable.Selection of gelling agent is of particular importance when a device ofthe invention is intended for use in mold assays. Some gelling agents,such as guar gum, are not suitable for use in certain mold assaysbecause of the ability of molds to metabolize such gelling agents.Appropriate gelling agents can be selected according to the teaching ofthis invention consistent with the use intended for the device.Preferred gelling agents include locust bean gum and xanthan gum, thesegelling agents being useful individually, or preferably, in combinationwith one another.

As indicated above, first dry coating 16 can contain gelling agent only,and no nutrient. Before the addition of an aqueous sample suspected ofcontaining microorganisms, the user can add nutrients tailored to thetype of microorganisms to be grown. For example, dry powdered nutrientscan be suspended in a rapidly-evaporating liquid such as ethanol or avolatile chlorofluorocarbon and the suspension can be deposited into thegrowth area of the device. In other instances, dry powdered nutrientscan be suspended, e.g., dispersed or dissolved, in aqueous solutionswhich can be coated onto (e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,565,783)or deposited into the growth area of the culture device. In either case,when an aliquot of the nutrient suspension or solution is added to thesurface of the medium, the liquid can be allowed to evaporate, leavingample nutrients along with the gelling agent. In yet other instances, anutrient or mixture of nutrients can be added to the aqueous samplebefore the sample is used to inoculate the culture device, while thesample is inoculated into the culture device and/or after the sample isinoculated into the culture device.

The particular nutrients suitable for use in the thin film culturedevice may depend on the microorganism to be grown in the device, andwill be easily selected by those skilled in the art. Generally, suchnutrients are cold-water-soluble.

In any embodiment, first dry coating 16 and/or adhesive layer 20 caninclude other components, such as dyes, crosslinking agents, or reagentssuch as antibiotics. For example, for some uses it is desirable toincorporate a dye in the coating, or in the adhesive of an adheredpowder medium. Suitable dyes include those that are metabolized by orotherwise react with the growing microorganisms, and in so doing causethe colonies to be colored or fluorescent for easier visualization. Suchdyes include chromogenic enzyme substrates such as5-bromo-4-chloroindolyl phosphate disodium salt, for example. Othersuitable dyes include pH-indicating dyes such as neutral red orchlorophenol red, for example.

For some uses it is desirable to have a thin film culture devicecomprising a dry medium that, when reconstituted, is stiff enough toallow inoculation by streaking. To form a streakable medium, aneffective amount of a suitable cross-linking agent can be incorporatedinto a dry medium that includes a gelling agent. Suitable cross-linkingagents do not substantially affect the growth of the intendedmicroorganisms. Suitable types and amounts of cross-linking agents areeasily selected by those skilled in the art. For example, with guar gum,cross-linking agents such as potassium tetraborate or aluminum salts aresuitable, and can be added in effective amounts, e.g., less than about1.0 percent by weight of dry medium.

In any embodiment, the thin film culture device can optionally includereagents necessary for carrying out certain microbiological tests. Forexample, antibiotics can be included for carrying out antibioticsusceptibility tests. For microorganism identification, reagents thatundergo a color change in the presence of a particular type ofmicroorganism can be included. To grow a yeast or mold sample withoutinterference from bacteria, bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal agents suchas chloramphenicol, chlortetracycline, tartaric acid, or a suitablepenicillin can be included in the dry medium.

A thin film culture device of the present disclosure includes secondsubstrate, such as second substrate 18 as illustrated in FIG. 1 forexample, adapted to cover at least the growth region 40 of the culturedevice. In any embodiment, second substrate 18 is preferably transparentin order to facilitate the observation and counting of colonies. Inaddition, the second substrate 18 is substantially impermeable tomicroorganisms and water vapor. Generally, second substrate can be madeof materials such as those used to make first substrate 12. Since air issupplied to the growth region via air-permeable membrane 14, secondsubstrate need not be selected to allow air transport to the medium. Apreferred material for second substrate is polypropylene, e.g., in theform of a 40 μm thick biaxially-oriented polypropylene film.

Second substrate 18 can be free of any coating, or can be coated, e.g.,on the surface facing the first substrate 12, in order to facilitatesealing of the second substrate 18 over the growth region 40 of aninoculated thin film culture device. Furthermore, second substrate suchas second substrate 18 illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4, can optionally becoated (e.g., on the surface facing the first substrate 12) with layersof adhesive layer 20′ and second dry coating 16′. The adhesive layer 20′may be the same as or different from adhesive layer 20. Second drycoating 16′ comprises a cold-water-soluble gelling agent, a nutrient, anindicator reagent, a selective agent, or a combination of any two ormore of the foregoing. Coatings on second substrate 18 can cover theentire surface facing the dry coating, but preferably are at leastcoextensive with the growth region of the medium. Such coated secondsubstrates are particularly preferred when it is desired to provide adevice with more gelling agent than can be incorporated in the first drycoating 16 alone.

A device of the invention can also include spacer means between thefirst dry coating 16 and second substrate 18, in order to create a wellthat serves to both define the growth region 40 of the first dry coating16 and to confine an aqueous sample to the growth region 40 of theculture device. One embodiment of a spacer means is illustrated in FIG.2 as spacer 24 defining a circular hole 26. The walls of hole 26 providea well having a predetermined size and shape over the growth region 40of the culture device. Spacer 24 should be thick enough to form a wellof the desired volume, e.g., 1, 2, or 3 ml, depending on the size of thegrowth region and the size of sample to be placed on the medium. In anyembodiment, spacer 24 is made of closed cell polyethylene foam. However,any material that is hydrophobic (non-wetting), inert to microorganisms,and, in any embodiment, sterilizable can be used. In any embodiment, thespacer 24 can be coupled (e.g., via a pressure-sensitive adhesive) tothe first dry coating 16, the air-permeable membrane 14 (if present),and/or the first substrate 12.

A device of the invention can be prepared using a variety of techniques.Generally, a device can be made by hand or with common laboratoryequipment as described, for example, in detail in U.S. Pat. Nos.4,565,783; 5,089,413; and 5,601,998; which are all incorporated hereinby reference in their entirety.

FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate an alternative embodiment of a device inaccordance with the present disclosure. Thin film culture device 200includes a body member 10′ having a water-resistant first substrate 12with a top surface and a bottom surface. The bottom surface of membrane14 is fixed to (e.g., fixed with an adhesive or otherwise attached to)at least the growth region 40 of the top surface of substrate 12. In anyembodiment, the top surface of first substrate 12 is coated withadhesive layer 30, which is used to fix membrane 14. Adhesive layer 30is preferably pressure-sensitive, insoluble in water, and substantiallynon-inhibitory to the growth of the intended microorganisms. Preferredadhesives include those discussed herein in connection with adhesivelayers 20 and 20′. Often, suitable substrates are available alreadycoated with a suitable adhesive. If one desires, however, a suitablesubstrate can be selected and coated (e.g., using a knife coater) with asuitable adhesive.

The method of fixing membrane 14 to first substrate 12 will depend onthe nature of adhesive layer 30. If adhesive layer 30 is pressuresensitive for instance, membrane 14 can be placed on adhesive layer 30,pressed down, and thereby adhered in place. First dry coating 16 isfixed in any suitable manner to and covers at least the growth region 40of membrane 14.

In any embodiment, a first dry coating 16 which may comprise one or morepowder, illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4, is prepared and fixed by firstforming a layer of adhesive on at least the growth region of the topsurface of membrane 14. The adhesive is preferably pressure-sensitive,insoluble in water, and substantially non-inhibitory to the growth ofthe intended microorganisms (e.g., mold microorganisms). Preferably,adhesive layer 20 is also sufficiently transparent when wet to enableviewing of microbial colonies.

A nonlimiting example of a suitable pressure-sensitive adhesive is acopolymer of 2-methylbutylacrylate/acrylic acid in a mole ratio of 90/10(3M Company, St. Paul, Minn.). Other preferred pressure sensitiveadhesives that can be used include isooctylacrylate/acrylic acid in amole ratio of 95/5 or 94/6 (3M Company) and silicone rubber. Whenincorporating a dye as described above in order to facilitatevisualization of colonies, it is generally preferred to incorporate thedye in the adhesive rather than in the powder.

The adhesive is coated (e.g., using a knife coater) onto the top surfaceof membrane 14 to form a layer with a thickness that is preferably lessthan the average diameter of the particles of first dry coating 16 orsecond dry coating 16′. Generally, enough adhesive is coated to adherethe particles to membrane 14 but not so much that the particles becomecompletely embedded in the adhesive. Generally an adhesive layer about 5μm to about 12 μm thick is suitable.

In order to form an adhered powder medium, a layer of cold-water-solublepowder (first dry coating 16) is then adhered substantially uniformly toat least the growth region of adhesive layer 20.

First dry coating 16 comprises one or more components (e.g., acalcium-chelating compound, a nutrient, an indicator reagent, aselective agent, a gelling agent or a combination of any two or more ofthe foregoing components) discussed above. Preferably, when the gellingagent is included in first dry coating 16, it is included in an amountsuch that a predetermined quantity of water or an aqueous sample, e.g.,1 to 3 ml, placed on the medium will form a reconstituted medium havinga suitable viscosity, e.g., about 1500 cps or more when measured at 60rpm with a Brookfield Model L VF viscometer at 25° C. Media of thisviscosity allow convenient handling and stacking of the devices duringincubation and provide for distinct colony formation in the medium. Forinstance, 0.025 g to 0.050 g of powdered guar gum spread substantiallyuniformly over a surface area of 20.3 cm² will provide a sufficientlyviscous medium when reconstituted with 1 to 3 ml of an aqueous sample.The size of the powder particles can be used to control the coatingweight per unit area. For example, under conditions where a 100 meshguar gum coats to a weight of about 0.05 g/20.3 cm², a 400 mesh guar gumcoats to a weight of about 0.025 g/20.3 cm².

The preferred ratio of gelling agent to nutrient in an adhered powdermedium is determined by the particular microorganism to be grown on thedevice. For general purposes, however, in any embodiment, a ratio fromabout 4 to 1 to about 5 to 1 (total gelling agent to total nutrient,based on weight) may be preferred. The first dry coating 16, which mayconsist of powders or agglomerated powders, can be applied to theadhesive layer 20 by any means suitable for the application of asubstantially uniform layer. Preferred methods include the use of ashaker-type device, or the use of a powder coater. The other preferredform of dry coating, i.e., a coated medium, is prepared as asubstantially water-free coating, coated directly on at least the growthregion of the top surface of the membrane, first substrate and/or secondsubstrate. Coated media are generally self-adherent to the membrane anddo not require a layer of adhesive between the membrane and the medium.

A coated medium can be prepared by making a solution containing gellingagent and/or nutrient, coating the solution (e.g., using a knife coater)onto the membrane, and allowing the coating of solution to dry. Inaddition to the suitable gelling agents described above, agar is asuitable cold-water-reconstitutable gelling agent for use in a coatedmedium. Gelling agent can also serve to thicken the medium solution inorder to facilitate its coating onto the membrane. For practicalpurposes, the amount of gelling agent is preferably less than that whichwill cause the solution to thicken to the point where it is notpractical to coat the medium onto the membrane.

A device of the present invention can also include spacer means.Optional spacer means can be fixed between the first dry coating and asecond substrate 18 by any suitable means. For example, it can beadhered to the membrane 14 or first substrate 12 via adhesive layer 20.The spacer can be fixed by pressing it against pressure-sensitiveadhesive layer 20.

Second substrate 18 is preferably adhered in a hinge-like fashion alongone edge of spacer 24, and is optionally coated with adhesive layer 20′and second dry coating 16′. Alternatively, second substrate 18 can beadhered directly to the substrate 12 (not shown).

A thin film culture device of the present disclosure is particularlyuseful for growing aerobic microorganisms, and especially aerobic molds.Generally, use of a device of the invention involves the conventionalsteps of inoculation, incubation and isolation and/or analysis.

In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method forenumerating mold microorganisms in a sample. The method can be used withany embodiment of the thin film culture devices disclosed herein. Themethod comprises forming an inoculated culture medium in a thin filmculture device, incubating the inoculated culture medium for apredetermined period of time sufficient to form amacroscopically-detectable colony of a mold microorganism, and countinga number of macroscopically-detectable colonies of mold microorganismsin the thin film culture device.

In any embodiment of the method, forming the inoculated culture mediumcomprises forming a hydrated growth region with a predetermined volumeof aqueous liquid. In any embodiment, the sample material (e.g., eithera liquid sample, a solid sample, or a solid sample suspended in aliquid) is dissolved or suspended in the predetermined volume and, thus,the sample and the predetermined volume are deposited simultaneously(e.g., by pipetting) into the growth region of the thin film culturedevice.

Alternatively, in any embodiment, the sample material is deposited intothe growth region before the predetermined volume.

Alternatively, in any embodiment, the predetermined volume of liquid isdeposited into the growth region and the gelling agent is allowed toswell/hydrate. Subsequently, the culture device is opened and the samplematerial is deposited onto the hydrated gel. In any embodiment, thesample may be disposed on a sample-capture device such as a membranefilter, for example.

Neither the sample material nor the aqueous liquid used to inoculate theculture device are required to contain nutrients to facilitate thegrowth of mold microorganisms if the dry coating and/or powder in theculture device comprises nutrients needed for growth of themicroorganisms. However, in any embodiment, the sample material and/oraqueous liquid used to inoculate the device may comprise one or morenutrient to facilitate growth of a mold microorganism. In addition, inany embodiment, the sample material and/or aqueous liquid used toinoculate the device may comprise a selective agent (e.g., anantibiotic, an essential nutrient that can be metabolized by certainmold microorganisms and not by other mold microorganisms) that favorsgrowth of all mold microorganisms over other microbes (e.g., bacteria,yeast) that may be present or that favors certain mold microorganismsover other mold microorganisms that may be present.

To use the device of FIGS. 1 and 2, transparent second substrate 18 ispulled back by the user to expose the growth region and a predeterminedquantity of aqueous liquid (optionally, containing the sample material)is placed, e.g., pipetted, on the first dry coating 16 within the growthregion 40 of the culture device. The growth region 40 in the illustratedembodiment is defined by the hole 26 in the spacer 24. The first drycoating 16 thereby becomes reconstituted. Second substrate 18 is thenreplaced over the reconstituted medium, and the sample is distributedevenly over the growth region, for example by placing a weighted plateon top of the covered device. The device is then incubated at a suitabletemperature and for a suitable time in order to allow the growth ofmicrobial colonies. Colonies growing in the medium can be counted byobserving them through the second substrate 18. If desired, colonies canbe removed from the medium for further identification and/or analysis.

The embodiment of device 11 illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4 is identical tothat of FIGS. 1 and 2 except that spacer 24 is not present in FIG. 3. Touse such an embodiment, a template (e.g., a weighted circular ringdefining the growth region) can be applied temporarily on top of secondsubstrate 18, after depositing the aqueous liquid onto the growth areaand closing the device, to confine reconstitution of the medium to agrowth region that is circumscribed by the template. After a period oftime during which at least a portion of the gelling agent in the growthregion becomes hydrated, the template may be removed from the culturedevice. Typically, at least a portion of the gelling agent becomeshydrated within 2-3 seconds.

Forming the inoculated culture medium in a thin film culture device,according to the present disclosure comprises forming a hydrated growthregion with a predetermined volume of aqueous liquid. When the hydratedgrowth region is formed, calcium-chelating compound present in thegrowth area dissolves into the inoculated culture medium at aconcentration that is effective to reduce a rate of lateral enlargementof a colony of the mold microorganism growing in the culture device.Surprisingly, the dissolved concentration of the calcium chelatingcompound reduces the rate of lateral enlargement of a colony of the moldmicroorganism growing in the culture device without substantiallydelaying detection of the colony. That is, the colonies typically can bedetected after incubating the devices for approximately the same periodof time that is customarily used for the same culture medium in a devicethat lacks an effective amount of a calcium-chelating compound. In anyembodiment, the effective amount (i.e., effective concentration, whendissolved in the aqueous liquid) of calcium-chelating compound does notsubstantially delay detection of a yeast microorganism, if present, thatwould otherwise be detected within the predetermined period of time.

A person having ordinary skill in the art is well aware of theincubation conditions (e.g., temperature, length of time) that issufficient to form a macroscopically-detectable colony of a moldmicroorganism growing in a particular nutrient medium. Typically, theculture device is incubated at a temperature from ambient (approximately25° C.) to about 32° C. Depending upon the mold microorganism to bedetected, the culture device may be incubated for about 40 hours toabout 120 hours, inclusive. In any embodiment, the culture device isincubated for about 40 hours to about 96 hours.

Counting a number of macroscopically-detectable colonies of moldmicroorganisms in the thin film culture device comprises observingcolonies that are present in the growth region of the culture device. Inany embodiment, observing colonies comprises observing coloniesvisually. It is contemplated the colonies may be visually observeddirectly (i.e., an operator observes the culture device) or the coloniesmay be visually observed indirectly (i.e., an operator observes an imageof the culture device). In any embodiment, counting a number ofmacroscopically-detectable colonies further can comprise counting asecond number of macroscopically-detectable colonies of yeastmicroorganisms.

In any embodiment, the culture device may be imaged using acolony-counting apparatus such as, for example, a PETRIFILM Plate Readeravailable from 3M Company (St. Paul, Minn.) or a PROTOCOL Colony Counteravailable from Synbiosis (Cambridge, UK). In any embodiment, mold and/oryeast colonies in the image can be detected and counted usingimage-analyzing software that is commercially available.

In yet another aspect, the present disclosure provides a kit. The kitcan be used in any embodiment of the method of counting moldmicroorganisms disclosed herein. The kit comprises a thin film culturedevice for growing and enumerating mold microorganisms and a containerholding a predetermined quantity of a calcium-chelating compound. Aportion of the predetermined quantity, when disposed in a growth regionof the culture device after the device is inoculated, is sufficient toreduce a rate of lateral enlargement of a colony-forming unit of a moldspecies growing in the culture device relative to the rate of lateralenlargement of a colony of the same mold species growing in an otherwiseidentical culture device that does not contain the effective amountdisposed in the growth region, wherein reducing the rate of lateralenlargement of the colony-forming unit does not substantially delaydetection of the colony.

In any embodiment of the kit, the thin film culture device can comprisea water-resistant first substrate, a water-resistant second substrate, agrowth region disposed between the first and second substrates, a dry,cold water-soluble gelling agent disposed in the growth region, and aneffective amount of a calcium-chelating compound disposed in the growthregion. When the growth region is hydrated with a predetermined volumeof aqueous liquid and inoculated with a colony-forming unit of a moldspecies, the effective amount of calcium-chelating compound is capableof reducing a rate of lateral enlargement of the colony-forming unitgrowing in the culture device relative to the rate of lateralenlargement of a colony of the same mold species growing in an otherwiseidentical culture device that does not contain the effective amountdisposed in the growth region. Reducing the rate of lateral enlargementof the colony-forming unit does not substantially delay detection of thecolony.

In any embodiment, the kit further comprises a reagent selected from thegroup consisting of a nutrient, a detection reagent, a selective agent,a buffering agent, a dye, and a mixture comprising any two or more ofthe foregoing reagents.

Methods and devices of the present disclosure can be used to reduce theaverage diameter of mold colonies by about 30%, about 50% or by at leastabout 90%, relative to an average colony diameter of the moldmicroorganism grown in a substantially identical thin film culturedevice that lacks the calcium-chelating compound, after 48 hours ofincubation at a temperature suitable for growing the mold microorganism.Surprisingly, even though the lateral expansion of the colonies has beenreduced up to 90%, the colonies are still observable within typicalincubation times that are used to detect and enumerate mold colonies.Advantageously, the reduction in the average colony diameter permitsmore accurate enumeration of mold microorganisms in samples thatcomprise mold species that would otherwise spread over a significantarea of the growth region and overlap other mold colonies, makingenumeration of the individual colonies more difficult.

Embodiments

Embodiment A is a thin film culture device, comprising:

a water-resistant first substrate;

a water-resistant second substrate;

a growth region disposed between the first and second substrates;

a dry, cold water-soluble gelling agent disposed in the growth region;and

an effective amount of calcium-chelating compound disposed in the growthregion;

wherein, when the growth region is hydrated with a predetermined volumeof aqueous liquid and inoculated with a colony-forming unit of a moldspecies, the effective amount of calcium-chelating compound is capableof reducing a rate of lateral enlargement of the colony-forming unitgrowing in the culture device relative to the rate of lateralenlargement of a colony of the same mold species growing in an otherwiseidentical culture device that does not contain the effective amountdisposed in the growth region;

wherein reducing the rate of lateral enlargement of the colony-formingunit does not substantially delay detection of the colony.

Embodiment B is the thin film culture device of Embodiment A, furthercomprising a calcium salt disposed in the growth region.

Embodiment C is the thin film culture device of Embodiment A orEmbodiment B, wherein the calcium-chelating compound and/or the calciumsalt, if present, is disposed in a first dry coating.

Embodiment D is the thin film culture device of any one of the precedingEmbodiments, wherein the gelling agent is disposed in the first drycoating and/or in a second dry coating.

Embodiment E is the thin film culture device of any one of the precedingEmbodiments, wherein the effective amount of calcium-chelating compoundis sufficient to reduce an average colony diameter of a moldmicroorganism by at least 30%, relative to an average colony diameter ofthe mold microorganism grown in a substantially identical thin filmculture device that lacks the calcium-chelating compound, after 48 hoursof incubation at a temperature suitable for growing the moldmicroorganism.

Embodiment F is the thin film culture device of Embodiment E, whereinthe effective amount of calcium-chelating compound is sufficient toreduce an average colony diameter of the mold microorganism by at least50%, relative to an average colony diameter of the mold microorganismgrown in a substantially identical thin film culture device that lacksthe calcium-chelating compound, after 48 hours of incubation at atemperature suitable for growing the mold microorganism.

Embodiment G is the thin film culture device of Embodiment F, whereinthe effective amount of calcium-chelating compound is sufficient toreduce the average colony diameter of the mold microorganism by at least90%, relative to an average colony diameter of the mold microorganismgrown in a substantially identical thin film culture device that lacksthe calcium-chelating compound, after 48 hours of incubation at atemperature suitable for growing the mold microorganism.

Embodiment H is the thin film culture device of any one of the precedingEmbodiments, wherein the calcium-chelating compound comprisesethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, ethyleneglycol tetraacetic acid, orcitrate.

Embodiment I is the thin film culture device of Embodiment H, whereinthe calcium-chelating agent comprises disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid dihydrate, wherein the disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid dihydrate is disposed in a dry coating in the growthregion at a coating density of about 0.5 mg to about 12 mg mg/100 cm².

Embodiment J is the thin film culture device of any one of the precedingEmbodiments, further comprising a nutrient medium to support growth of amold microorganism.

Embodiment K is the thin film culture device of any one of the precedingEmbodiments, further comprising an indicator reagent.

Embodiment L is the thin film culture device of any one of the precedingEmbodiments, further comprising a predefined volume of aqueous liquid,wherein the effective amount of the calcium-chelating compound disposedin the growth region is dissolved in the aqueous liquid at aconcentration effective to reduce a rate lateral enlargement of a colonyof a species of mold growing in the culture device that contains theeffective amount disposed in the growth region relative to the rate oflateral enlargement of a colony of the same mold species growing in anotherwise identical culture device that does not contain the effectiveamount disposed in the growth region.

Embodiment M is the thin film culture device of any one of the precedingclaims, further comprising an air-permeable membrane adhered to thefirst substrate, wherein the air-permeable membrane is substantiallycoextensive with the growth region of the culture device.

Embodiment N is a method for enumerating microorganisms, comprising:

forming an inoculated culture medium in a growth region of a thin filmculture device comprising an effective amount of calcium-chelatingcompound disposed in the growth region;

incubating the inoculated culture medium for a predetermined period oftime sufficient to form a macroscopically-detectable colony of a moldmicroorganism; and

counting a number of macroscopically-detectable colonies of moldmicroorganisms in the thin film culture device;

wherein forming the inoculated culture medium comprises forming ahydrated growth region with a predetermined volume of aqueous liquid;

wherein, when the growth region is hydrated with the predeterminedvolume of aqueous liquid and inoculated with a colony-forming unit of amold species, the calcium-chelating compound reduces a rate of lateralenlargement of the colony-forming unit growing in the culture devicerelative to the rate of lateral enlargement of a colony of the same moldspecies growing in an otherwise identical culture device that does notcontain the effective amount disposed in the growth region;

wherein reducing the rate of lateral enlargement does not substantiallydelay detection of the colony.

Embodiment O is the method of Embodiment N, wherein the effective amountof calcium-chelating compound does not substantially delay detection ofa yeast microorganism, if present, that would otherwise be detectedwithin the predetermined period of time.

Embodiment P is the method of Embodiment O, further comprising countinga number of macroscopically-detectable yeast colonies in the growthregion.

Embodiment Q method of any one of Embodiments N through P:

wherein forming an inoculated culture medium comprises depositing anaqueous sample into the thin film culture device;

wherein, prior to depositing the aqueous sample, the thin film culturedevice comprises a nutrient medium, an indicator reagent, and/or theeffective amount of the calcium-chelating compound.

Embodiment R is the method of any one of Embodiments N through Q,wherein incubating the inoculated culture medium for a predeterminedperiod of time comprises incubating the inoculated culture mediumbetween about 40 hours and about 96 hours.

Embodiment S is the method of any one of Embodiments N through R,wherein counting a number of macroscopically-detectable coloniescomprises obtaining an image of a growth region of the thin film culturedevice.

Embodiment T is a kit, comprising:

a thin film culture device for growing and enumerating moldmicroorganisms; and

a container holding a predetermined quantity of a calcium-chelatingcompound;

wherein a portion of the predetermined quantity, when disposed in agrowth region of the culture device after the device is inoculated, issufficient to reduce a rate of lateral enlargement of a colony-formingunit of a mold species growing in the culture device relative to therate of lateral enlargement of a colony of the same mold species growingin an otherwise identical culture device that does not contain theeffective amount disposed in the growth region;

wherein reducing the rate of lateral enlargement of the colony-formingunit does not substantially delay detection of the colony.

Embodiment U is the kit of Embodiment T, wherein the thin film culturedevice comprises:

a water-resistant first substrate;

a water-resistant second substrate;

a growth region disposed between the first and second substrates;

a dry, cold water-soluble gelling agent disposed in the growth region;and

an effective amount of a calcium-chelating compound disposed in thegrowth region;

wherein, when the growth region is hydrated with a predetermined volumeof aqueous liquid and inoculated with a colony-forming unit of a moldspecies, the effective amount of calcium-chelating compound is capableof reducing a rate of lateral enlargement of the colony-forming unitgrowing in the culture device relative to the rate of lateralenlargement of a colony of the same mold species growing in an otherwiseidentical culture device that does not contain the effective amountdisposed in the growth region;

wherein reducing the rate of lateral enlargement of the colony-formingunit does not substantially delay detection of the colony.

Embodiment V is the kit of Embodiment T or Embodiment U, furthercomprising a reagent selected from the group consisting of a nutrient, adetection compound, a selective agent, a buffering agent, a dye, and amixture comprising any two or more of the foregoing reagents.

The following EXAMPLES are intended to illustrate the invention. Theyare not intended to limit the invention.

EXAMPLES

Materials

Unless specified otherwise, all reagents were obtained fromSigma-Aldrich Co.

TABLE 1 List of materials. Name Source Peptic digest of meat, porcineAlpha Bioscience (Baltimore, MD) Malt extract EMD (Billerica, MA) MeatPeptone Becton Dickenson (Franklin Lakes, NJ) Pancreatic digest ofCasein Becton Dickenson (Franklin Lakes, NJ) Proteose peptone BectonDickenson (Franklin Lakes, NJ) Disodium EDTA dihydrate Sigma AldrichE4884 EGTA Sigma Aldrich E4378 Yeast extract Alpha Bioscience DextroseBecton Dickenson (Franklin Lakes, NJ) KH₂PO₄ EMD Calcium chlorideMallinkrodt (Hazelwood, MO) Magnesium sulfate 7H₂O Amresco (Solon, OH)Manganese chloride Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, MA) Zinc sulfate 7H₂O EMD

Examples 1-4. Thin Film Culture Devices for Detecting MoldMicroorganisms

Preparation of Nutrient Medium Powder Mixture.

Five batches of non-proteinaceous components 4-11 (Table 2) were weighedinto 250 milliliter plastic containers according to the amounts listedin the table. EDTA was added to each batch in the amounts shown in Table3. After EDTA addition each powder mixture was homogenized in a coffeegrinder for 30 seconds (KitchenAid model BCG1110B; KitchenAid; St.Joseph, Mich.). After homogenization, the proteinaceous components 1-3of Table 1 were added, followed by manual shaking for 30 seconds to mixthe powders. Comparative Example 1 was prepared with all of thecomponents except EDTA. “EDTA”, as used in the Examples, refers todisodium ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid dihydrate (CAS No. 6381-92-6)obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Mo.).

TABLE 2 Powder mixtures. Component Name Mass (g) 1 Peptic digest ofmeat, 35 porcine 2 Malt extract 22.5 3 Yeast extract 12.5 4 Dextrose 255 KH₂PO₄ 2.5 6 Calcium chloride 0.5 7 Ferric ammonium citrate 1 8Magnesium sulfate 7H₂O 0.5 9 Manganese chloride 0.5 10  Sodium carbonate0.5 11  Zinc sulfate 7H₂O 0.5 12  Disodium EDTA 2H₂O (as shown in Table2)

TABLE 3 Amount of disodium EDTA used in each powder formulation. EDTAMass (g) Comparative Example 1 0 Example 1 2 Example 2 4 Example 3 10Example 4 20

Preparation of Thin Film Culture Devices.

Dried, powdered gelling agent (300 g) comprising a 1:1 (w/w) mixture ofXanthan/Locust bean gum (XLBG) was added to the blended powders in theamounts shown in table 2 followed by manual shaking for 30 seconds tomix. Culture plates were prepared according to the procedures outlinedin U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,476,226 and 5,089,413. Briefly, 3×4 inch (7.6×10.2cm) sections of bottom film (i.e., the “first substrate” as describedherein above) were cut from a master roll. The master roll comprised ahydrophobic-coated paper with a thin layer of adhesive (thenoninhibitory adhesive copolymer (approximately 24% solids in a solutionin ethyl acetate and heptanes) described in Example 1 of U.S. Pat. No.5,635,367, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety)coated thereon. The adhesive was formulated with Chloramphenicol andChlortetracycline and was coated onto the master roll essentially asdescribed in Example 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,089,413. A foam layerapproximately 0.57 mm thick having a 2.4 inch (6.1 cm) diameter circleremoved was laminated to each bottom film. Approximately 2 grams ofpowder was applied to the opening followed by side-to-side andfront-to-back movement to evenly distribute the powder on the adhesive.Excess powder was removed by inverting the film, providing a thin layerof the nutrient/gel mixture powder bonded to the adhesive layer. A cleartop film comprising an adhesive layer was powder coated with theXanthan/Locust Bean gum mixture was similarly cut into 7.6×10.2 cmpieces and adhered to the top edge of the bottom film using double sidedadhesive tape (3M Company, St. Paul, Minn.). The adhesive layercomprised the adhesive described above mixed with the enzyme substratesshown in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Chromogenic enzyme substrates used to make a thin-film culturedevice for mold detection. Indicator Concentration (mg/100 g Indicatoradhesive) 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl acetate 57.7 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactopyranoside 81.725-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-glucopyranoside 81.725-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-α-D-glucopyranoside 81.725-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate 86.72

Inoculation with Aspergillus niger and Incubation of the Thin FilmCulture Devices.

Serial dilutions of a frozen stock of Aspergillus niger (ATCC 16484)were prepared in Butterfield's Buffer to yield approximately 10 colonyforming units (CFU) per milliliter. This film culture devices coatedwith the powder formulations described above were inoculated by liftingthe cover sheet, pipetting 1 milliliter of the diluted sample in thecenter of the coated bottom film, replacing the cover sheet, andradially distributing the inoculum to the edge of the open circle in thefoam laminate by applying downward pressure using the spreading devicesupplied with 3M PETRIFILM Yeast & Mold Count Plates (hereinafter, “PYMplates”; 3M Company, St. Paul, Minn.). Three replicates were preparedfor each powder-coated formulation. After inoculation, the plates wereplaced in an incubator at 30° C.

Analysis of the Thin Film Culture Devices.

Images of plates were obtained at 42, 48 and 66 hours using a 3MPETRIFILM Plate Reader (3M Company, St. Paul, Minn.) configured to count3M PETRIFILM Aerobic Count Plates. Colony area was determined using the“count/size” function in ImagePro software (Media Cybernetics, Inc.).Histogram-based thresholding was used to establish the edge of the bluecolonies using the following intensity values: Red=124-205,Green=182-255 and Blue=112-255. For each image, overlapping (touching)colonies and irregular colonies truncated (i.e., non-circular) by theedge of the inoculated area were excluded from analysis. Mean colonysize (calculated using colony diameters from three replicate plates) wasdetermined for each batch of plates after 42 hours of incubation. Theresults are reported in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Comparison of colony diameters for each formulation. Number ofisolated Average colony area Formulation colonies analyzed (pixels)Comparative Example 1 14 15490 Example 1 16 10640 Example 2 19 1950Example 3 4 810 Example 4 2 80

Quantitative mold counts were determined after selected periods (42hours and 66 hours, respectively) of incubation by manually counting thenumber of blue-colored colonies. The total number of colonies for eachset of the replicate culture devices is shown in Table 6.

TABLE 6 Formulation 42 hr 66 hr Comparative Example 1 22 24 Example 1 2223 Example 2 24 26 Example 3 4 25 Example 4 2 21

Detection of Various Mold Species.

The mold species shown in Table 7 were serially diluted, inoculated,incubated, imaged, and analyzed as described for the A. niger cultures.For each mold species the average colony size observed using the thinfilm culture devices of Examples 1-4 was compared with the averagecolony size observed using the thin film culture device of ComparativeExample 1. The percent reduction in average colony size for the samplesis reported in Table 7. For some species a delay in the appearance ofvisible colonies was observed in culture devices containing EDTAconcentrations higher than 1 wt % of the dry powder coatings.

TABLE 7 Aspergillus Penicillium Penicillium Cladosporium AspergillusGeotrichum niger variable chrysogenum sp. oryzae candidum M97Formulation 42 hr 72 hr 96 hr 96 hr 46 hr 46 hr 71 hr Comparativereference reference reference reference reference reference referenceExample 1 Example 1 −31% −28% −35% −44%   −0%¹   −0%² −48% Example 2−87% −85% −61% −62% −57% −44% −76% Example 3 −95% ND³ −90% ND −85% −76%−91% Example 4 −99% ND −98% ND −97% −98% −99% ¹Average colony size ofAspergillus oryzae increased by 5% in this concentration of EDTA.²Average colony size of Geotrichum candidum increased by 1% in thisconcentration of EDTA. ³Colonies were not detected at this concentration

Example 5. Detection of Mold in High-Calcium Food Samples Using a ThinFilm Culture Device Containing a Calcium-Chelating Compound

Fat free skim milk was purchased from a local grocery store. 3.7milligrams of disodium EDTA dihydrate was added to 10 milliliters of thefat-free skim milk to provide a final concentration of 1 millimolarEDTA. A suspension of Aspergillus niger (ATCC #16484) was diluted inButterfields buffer to a concentration of approximately 500 colonyforming units per milliliter. 100 microliters of the diluted suspensionwas added to the milk sample. After briefly vortexing, 1 milliliter ofthe milk sample containing the mold was used to inoculate PYM platesaccording to the manufacturer's instructions. The PYM plates wereincubated at 30° C. for 48 hours, followed by imaging and colony sizeanalysis as described above. A control sample (without milk) was alsoprepared in Butterfield's buffer. Colony size reduction is shown inTable 8.

TABLE 8 Colony Area Colony Area Colony Size Sample (0 mM EDTA) (1 mMEDTA) Reduction Skim Milk 27286 3789 −86% Buffer Control 37460 3276 −91%

Example 6. Detection of Yeast Microorganisms Using a Thin Film CultureDevice Containing a Calcium-Chelating Compound

Thin film culture devices were prepared as described above. Three yeaststrains were serially diluted from a frozen stock to provide a finalconcentration of approximately 100 CFU per ml. The thin film culturedevices were inoculated, incubated for 91 hours, imaged, and analyzed asdescribed above. The data showed that colony size for thesenon-filamentous organisms was not affected by the presence of EDTA atconcentrations below 1%. The colony areas were calculated as describedfor Examples 1-4 and are reported in pixels. C. glabrata and R.mucilaginosa colonies were not detected in culture devices having EDTAconcentrations higher than 1%. The data are shown in FIG. 9.

TABLE 9 Colony area (reported in pixels) for yeast microorganisms. Eachtest is reported as the mean ± the standard deviation of the colonyarea. Microorganism 0% EDTA 0.5% EDTA 1% EDTA 2.3% EDTA 4.2% EDTA C.glabrata 437 ± 155 487 ± 300 308 ± 201 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 R. mucilaginosa 189 ±91  251 ± 95  148 ± 76  0 ± 0 0 ± 0 C. guillermondi 553 ± 164 490 ± 129201 ± 119 381 ± 140 162 ± 92 

Examples 7-11. Thin Film Culture Devices for Detecting MoldMicroorganisms

Thin film culture devices were prepared, inoculated, and analyzed asdescribed in Examples 1-4 using the nutrient formulation (lacking theadded magnesium sulfate 7H₂O, manganese chloride, and zinc sulfate 7H₂Oof the previous Examples) shown in Table 10. EDTA was added as describedin Examples 1-4 to attain the final concentrations shown in Table 11.Triplicate plates of each formulation were inoculated with Aspergillusniger, incubated, and imaged at 48 and 72 hours, as described forExamples 1-4. The number average colony size after 48 hours ofincubation and the number of colonies observed after 48 and 72 hours ofincubation is reported in Tables 12 and 13, respectively.

TABLE 10 Component Name Mass (g) 1 Meat peptone 5.35 2 Pancreatic digestof casein 3 3 Yeast extract 2 4 Proteose peptone 1.25 5 Dextrose 9.1 6KH₂PO₄ 2.5 7 Ferric ammonium citrate 0.21 9 Calcium chloride 0.07 10 Sodium carbonate 0.15 12  Disodium EDTA 2H₂O (as shown in Table 9)

TABLE 11 EDTA Mass EDTA (g) (weight %) Comparative Example 2 0 0 Example7 0.12 0.5 Example 8 0.18 0.75 Example 9 0.24 1.0 Example 10 0.35 1.5Example 11 0.47 2.0

TABLE 12 Colony size after 48 hours of incubation. Number of isolatedAverage Reduction in Formulation colonies analyzed colony size colonysize Comparative 11 16662 Not applicable Example 2 Example 7 11 703 −96%Example 8 9 107 −99% Example 9 3 159 −99% Example 10 ND — — Example 11ND — — ND—Colonies were not detected by the parameters used for imageprocessing.

TABLE 13 Colony counts after 48 and 72 hours of incubation. Formulation48 hour colony count 72 hour colony count Comparative 15 16 Example 2Example 7 15 17 Example 8 11 14 Example 9 3 23 Example 10 0 14 Example11 0 21

Example 12. Method of Detecting a Mold Microorganism

In this example EDTA was added to the plates dissolved in the 1milliliter inoculum instead of being disposed as a component in thecoated nutrient formulation, as described above. A diluted suspension ofAspergillus niger was prepared as described in example 1. A 1 millimolarsolution of EDTA was prepared by dissolving 3.7 milligrams of EDTA in 10milliliters of Butterfield's buffer. The Aspergillus niger dilutedsuspension was added to the EDTA/Butterfield's to provide a cellconcentration of approximately 5 cfu per milliliter. Five replicatedevices were prepared by adding one milliliter of the inoculum to PYMplates according to the manufacturer's instructions. A set of controlplates was prepared from a 5 cfu per ml solution of Aspergillus nigercontaining no EDTA. Table 14 shows the average colony count per plateafter 48 hours and 72 hours of incubation. Table 15 shows that moldcolonies growing in 1 mM EDTA had an average colony diameter that wasapproximately 20-fold smaller than the control plates after 48 hours ofincubation.

TABLE 14 CFUs CFUs EDTA concentration (48 hr) (72 hr) 0 mM (control) 1516 1 mM 15 16

TABLE 15 Colony area EDTA concentration (pixels) 0 mM (control) 27840 1mM 1492

Example 13. Use of EGTA in a Method of Detecting Mold Microorganisms ina Thin Film Culture Device

A 4-millimolar solution of ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA) wasprepared by dissolving 15.2 milligrams of EGTA in 10 milliliters ofButterfield's buffer. Serial two-fold dilutions were prepared to providesolutions containing 2 millimolar and 1 millimolar EGTA, respectively.“EGTA”, as used in the Examples, refers to ethyleneglycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (67-42-5)obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Mo.). A suspension ofAspergillus niger was diluted and added to the solutions as described inExample 12 to provide final cell concentrations of approximately 5 cfuper ml. Three replicate devices were prepared by inoculating 1milliliter of the mold suspensions to PYM plates according to themanufacturer's instructions. Images of the plates were obtained after 48hours and 72 hours of incubation, respectively. Quantitative mold countswere determined after selected periods (42 hours and 66 hours,respectively) of incubation by manually counting the number ofblue-colored colonies. The total number of colonies for each set of thereplicate culture devices is shown in Table 16. Plate counts (total forthe three plates) were determined from the image of each plate and theresults are shown in Table 16. The average colony size after 48 hours ofincubation was determined by imaging the plates and analyzing the imagesas described above. The results are shown in Table 17.

TABLE 16 EGTA concentration 48 hour count 72 hour count 0 mM (control)12 12 1 mM 12 12 2 mM 14 14 4 mM 11 11

TABLE 17 EGTA concentration Colony area (pixels) Reduction in colonyarea 0 mM (control) 26522 1 mM 24107  −9% 2 mM 15177 −43% 4 mM  5772−78%

The complete disclosure of all patents, patent applications, andpublications, and electronically available material cited herein areincorporated by reference. In the event that any inconsistency existsbetween the disclosure of the present application and the disclosure(s)of any document incorporated herein by reference, the disclosure of thepresent application shall govern. The foregoing detailed description andexamples have been given for clarity of understanding only. Nounnecessary limitations are to be understood therefrom. The invention isnot limited to the exact details shown and described, for variationsobvious to one skilled in the art will be included within the inventiondefined by the claims.

All headings are for the convenience of the reader and should not beused to limit the meaning of the text that follows the heading, unlessso specified.

Various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit andscope of the invention. These and other embodiments are within the scopeof the following claims.

Advantages and embodiments of this disclosure are further illustrated bythe following examples, but the particular materials and amounts thereofrecited in these examples, as well as other conditions and details,should not be construed to unduly limit this disclosure. All materialsare commercially available or known to those skilled in the art unlessotherwise stated or apparent.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for enumerating mold microorganisms,comprising: contacting an aqueous fluid with a culture medium in agrowth region of a thin film culture device to hydrate the growthregion, exposing aqueous fluid to a dry coating in the growth region;incubating the inoculated culture medium for a period of time sufficientto form a macroscopically-detectable colony of a mold microorganism; andcounting a number of macroscopically-detectable colonies of moldmicroorganisms in the growth region; wherein the growth region comprises(a) an effective amount of calcium-chelating compound, (b) a nutrientmedium capable of supporting the growth of a mild microorganism, and (c)the dry coating, the dry coating, wherein the dry coating comprisesethylenediamine tetraacetic acid; and wherein, when the step ofcontacting the growth region with aqueous fluid comprises inoculatingthe growth region with a colony-forming unit of a mold species, thecalcium-chelating compound reduces a rate of lateral enlargement of thecolony-forming unit growing in the culture device relative to the rateof lateral enlargement of a colony of the same mold species growing inan otherwise identical culture device that does not contain theeffective amount disposed in the growth region; without substantiallydelaying detection of the colony.
 2. The method of claim 1: whereinforming an inoculated culture medium comprises depositing an aqueoussample into the thin film culture device; wherein, prior to depositingthe aqueous sample, the thin film culture device comprises a nutrientmedium, an indicator reagent, and/or the calcium-chelating compound. 3.The method of claim 1, wherein incubating the inoculated culture mediumfor a predetermined period of time comprises incubating the inoculatedculture medium between about 40 hours and about 96 hours.
 4. The methodof claim 1, wherein counting a number of macroscopically-detectablecolonies comprises obtaining an image of a growth region of the thinfilm culture device.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the predeterminedvolume of aqueous liquid comprises a high calcium food product.
 6. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the predetermined volume of aqueous liquidcomprises milk.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid is sufficient to reduce an average colony diameter ofthe mold microorganism by at least 50%, relative to an average colonydiameter of the mold microorganism grown in a substantially identicalthin film culture device that lacks the calcium-chelating compound,after 48 hours of incubation at a temperature suitable for growing themold microorganism.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein theethylenediamine tetraacetic acid is sufficient to reduce the averagecolony diameter of the mold microorganism by at least 90%, relative toan average colony diameter of the mold microorganism grown in asubstantially identical thin film culture device that lacks thecalcium-chelating compound, after 48 hours of incubation at atemperature suitable for growing the mold microorganism.
 9. The methodof claim 1, the dry coating comprises a calcium salt.
 10. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid comprises disodiumethylenediamine tetraacetic acid dihydrate.
 11. The method of claim 1,the dry coating comprising disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetic aciddihydrate at a coating density of about 0.5 mg/cm² to about 12 mg/cm².